Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Evgenia Mihailova; Mircho Vukov

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Evgenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov

Published in Clinical Medicine Research (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 25 April 2020 Accepted: 25 May 2020 Published: 4 June 2020

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Abstract

The AIM of our study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and age, body weight before pregnancy and during the screening and the term of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 547 unselected pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30 ± 5 years, median 30 years (18-47 years). The distribution of pregnant women according to their age is as follows: 18-22 y – 33 (6%), 23-27 y – 115 (21%), 28-33 y – 219 (40%), 33-37 y – 128 (23.4%), 38-42 y – 46 (8%), 43-47 y – 6 (1.1%). The allocation according to trimesters of pregnancy was: first trimester - 111 (20.3%), second trimester - 275 (50.4%), and third trimester - 161 (29.3%). In the current study we introduced four categories of 25 (OH) D - <10, 10-20, 20-30 and >30 ng/mL. We evaluated the body weight prior to conception and during pregnancy. The peripheral levels of 25 (OH) D were investigated using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. RESULTS: We found significant correlation between vitamin D levels and age (P < 0.0001), negative correlation with the BMI prior to conception (P < 0.001) and at the time of the screening (P < 0.0001), but no significant differences among the three trimesters concerning vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the normal BMI before and during the pregnancy. We noticed that with the increase of age, the more mature pregnant women have more responsible behavior and follow the advice of their obstetrician/gynecologist.

Published in	Clinical Medicine Research (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
Page(s)	54-58
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vitamin D, Pregnancy, Gestational Age, Body Mass Index, Age

References

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[2]	Borissova A-M, Shinkov A, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Todorov T, Kassabova L. and Svinarov D. (2015). Dynamic of the seasonal levels of 25 (OH) D in Bulgaria according to sex, age and winter status of vitamin D. Nutrition and Aging 3, 2-4: 107-113.
[3]	Shinkov A, Borissova A-M, Dakovska L, Vlahov J, Kassabova L, Svinarov D, Krivoshiev S. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in nursing home residents. (2016). Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism 23; 60 (3): 217-222.
[4]	College of Obstetricians&Gynaecologists, Vitamin D in pregnancy, Scientific Impact Paper N43, June 2014.
[5]	Bischoff-Ferrari HA. (2012). Vitamin D–why does it matter? - defining vitamin D deficiency and its prevalence. Scand J Clin Lab Investig 72 (Suppl 243): 3–6.
[6]	Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Manson JE, Mayne ST, Ross AC, Shapses SA, Taylor CL. (2012). IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97 (4): 1146-1152.
[7]	Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. (2011). Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 (7): 1911-1930.
[8]	Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. (2005). Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 16: 713-716.
[9]	Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D deficiency in adults: Definition, clinical manifestations and treatment. Up To Date Review. 6 January 2017. Sector Editors: Marc K. Drezner, Clifford J Rosen. Deputi Editor: Jean E Mulder. Access date 19 January 2019. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/vitamin-ddeficiency-in-adults-definition-clinical-manifestations-and-treatment.
[10]	De-Regil LM, Palacios C, Ansary A, Kulier R, Pena-Rosas JP. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention Version published: 26 July 2019.
[11]	Zhang M-Xi, Guo-Tao Pan, Jian-Fen Guo, Bing-Yan Li, Li-Quang Qin, Zeng-Li Zhang. (2008). Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. Public Library of Science One 3: e3753.
[12]	Lefelaar ER, Vrijkotte TG, van Eijsden M. (2010). Maternal early pregnancy. Children and their Development cohort. British Journal of Nutrition 104: 108–117.
[13]	Euro-Peristat Project. European Perinatal Health Report. Core indicators of the health and care of pregnant women and babies in Europe in 2015. November 2018. www.europeristat.com.
[14]	Zeitlin J, Wildman K, Breart G, Alexander S. Barros H, Blondel B, Buitendijk S, Gissler M, Macfarlane A. (2003). Selecting an indicator set for monitoring and evaluating perinatal health in Europe: criteria, methods and results from the PERISTAT project. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 111 Suppl 1: S5-S14.
[15]	Borissova A-M, Shinkov A, Vlahov J, Dakovska L, Todorov T, Svinarov D, Kassabova L. (2012). Comparative analysis on distribution of deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in different types living places in Bulgaria. Endocrinologia 3, 3, 143-157.
[16]	Vandevijvere S, Amsalkhir S, Van Oyen H, Moreno-Reyes R. (2012). High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnant Women: A National cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE 7 (8): e43868. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043868.

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APA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Evgenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. (2020). Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clinical Medicine Research, 9(3), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Evgenia Mihailova; Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clin. Med. Res. 2020, 9(3), 54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Evgenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clin Med Res. 2020;9(3):54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Evgenia Mihailova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy},
  journal = {Clinical Medicine Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cmr.20200903.12},
  abstract = {The AIM of our study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and age, body weight before pregnancy and during the screening and the term of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 547 unselected pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30 ± 5 years, median 30 years (18-47 years). The distribution of pregnant women according to their age is as follows: 18-22 y – 33 (6%), 23-27 y – 115 (21%), 28-33 y – 219 (40%), 33-37 y – 128 (23.4%), 38-42 y – 46 (8%), 43-47 y – 6 (1.1%). The allocation according to trimesters of pregnancy was: first trimester - 111 (20.3%), second trimester - 275 (50.4%), and third trimester - 161 (29.3%). In the current study we introduced four categories of 25 (OH) D - 30 ng/mL. We evaluated the body weight prior to conception and during pregnancy. The peripheral levels of 25 (OH) D were investigated using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. RESULTS: We found significant correlation between vitamin D levels and age (P < 0.0001), negative correlation with the BMI prior to conception (P < 0.001) and at the time of the screening (P < 0.0001), but no significant differences among the three trimesters concerning vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the normal BMI before and during the pregnancy. We noticed that with the increase of age, the more mature pregnant women have more responsible behavior and follow the advice of their obstetrician/gynecologist.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Evgenia Mihailova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2020/06/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
T2  - Clinical Medicine Research
JF  - Clinical Medicine Research
JO  - Clinical Medicine Research
SP  - 54
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
AB  - The AIM of our study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and age, body weight before pregnancy and during the screening and the term of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 547 unselected pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30 ± 5 years, median 30 years (18-47 years). The distribution of pregnant women according to their age is as follows: 18-22 y – 33 (6%), 23-27 y – 115 (21%), 28-33 y – 219 (40%), 33-37 y – 128 (23.4%), 38-42 y – 46 (8%), 43-47 y – 6 (1.1%). The allocation according to trimesters of pregnancy was: first trimester - 111 (20.3%), second trimester - 275 (50.4%), and third trimester - 161 (29.3%). In the current study we introduced four categories of 25 (OH) D - 30 ng/mL. We evaluated the body weight prior to conception and during pregnancy. The peripheral levels of 25 (OH) D were investigated using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. RESULTS: We found significant correlation between vitamin D levels and age (P < 0.0001), negative correlation with the BMI prior to conception (P < 0.001) and at the time of the screening (P < 0.0001), but no significant differences among the three trimesters concerning vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the normal BMI before and during the pregnancy. We noticed that with the increase of age, the more mature pregnant women have more responsible behavior and follow the advice of their obstetrician/gynecologist.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Anna-Maria Borissovа

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Boyana Trifonova

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Lilia Dakovska

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Evgenia Mihailova

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria
Mircho Vukov

Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital Sofiamed, Sofia, Bulgaria

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APA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Evgenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. (2020). Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clinical Medicine Research, 9(3), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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ACS Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа; Boyana Trifonova; Lilia Dakovska; Evgenia Mihailova; Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clin. Med. Res. 2020, 9(3), 54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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AMA Style

Anna-Maria Borissovа, Boyana Trifonova, Lilia Dakovska, Evgenia Mihailova, Mircho Vukov. Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy. Clin Med Res. 2020;9(3):54-58. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12,
  author = {Anna-Maria Borissovа and Boyana Trifonova and Lilia Dakovska and Evgenia Mihailova and Mircho Vukov},
  title = {Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy},
  journal = {Clinical Medicine Research},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-58},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cmr.20200903.12},
  abstract = {The AIM of our study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and age, body weight before pregnancy and during the screening and the term of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 547 unselected pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30 ± 5 years, median 30 years (18-47 years). The distribution of pregnant women according to their age is as follows: 18-22 y – 33 (6%), 23-27 y – 115 (21%), 28-33 y – 219 (40%), 33-37 y – 128 (23.4%), 38-42 y – 46 (8%), 43-47 y – 6 (1.1%). The allocation according to trimesters of pregnancy was: first trimester - 111 (20.3%), second trimester - 275 (50.4%), and third trimester - 161 (29.3%). In the current study we introduced four categories of 25 (OH) D - 30 ng/mL. We evaluated the body weight prior to conception and during pregnancy. The peripheral levels of 25 (OH) D were investigated using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. RESULTS: We found significant correlation between vitamin D levels and age (P < 0.0001), negative correlation with the BMI prior to conception (P < 0.001) and at the time of the screening (P < 0.0001), but no significant differences among the three trimesters concerning vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the normal BMI before and during the pregnancy. We noticed that with the increase of age, the more mature pregnant women have more responsible behavior and follow the advice of their obstetrician/gynecologist.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Vitamin D Level in Pregnant Women Depends on Age and Weight Before and During Pregnancy
AU  - Anna-Maria Borissovа
AU  - Boyana Trifonova
AU  - Lilia Dakovska
AU  - Evgenia Mihailova
AU  - Mircho Vukov
Y1  - 2020/06/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
T2  - Clinical Medicine Research
JF  - Clinical Medicine Research
JO  - Clinical Medicine Research
SP  - 54
EP  - 58
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200903.12
AB  - The AIM of our study was to evaluate the association between vitamin D levels and age, body weight before pregnancy and during the screening and the term of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated 547 unselected pregnant Bulgarian women, mean age 30 ± 5 years, median 30 years (18-47 years). The distribution of pregnant women according to their age is as follows: 18-22 y – 33 (6%), 23-27 y – 115 (21%), 28-33 y – 219 (40%), 33-37 y – 128 (23.4%), 38-42 y – 46 (8%), 43-47 y – 6 (1.1%). The allocation according to trimesters of pregnancy was: first trimester - 111 (20.3%), second trimester - 275 (50.4%), and third trimester - 161 (29.3%). In the current study we introduced four categories of 25 (OH) D - 30 ng/mL. We evaluated the body weight prior to conception and during pregnancy. The peripheral levels of 25 (OH) D were investigated using a standard assay in a central laboratory on the day of the sampling. RESULTS: We found significant correlation between vitamin D levels and age (P < 0.0001), negative correlation with the BMI prior to conception (P < 0.001) and at the time of the screening (P < 0.0001), but no significant differences among the three trimesters concerning vitamin D levels. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of vitamin D among pregnant Bulgarian women are within the span of mild insufficiency, probably due to the normal BMI before and during the pregnancy. We noticed that with the increase of age, the more mature pregnant women have more responsible behavior and follow the advice of their obstetrician/gynecologist.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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