Chitin is abundant in the structural coatings of fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes, but it is not produced in mammals. The host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in human epithelial cells of lower airways and conjunctiva via a Th2-specific, IL-13-dependent pathway and seems to be associated to asthma and allergic ocular pathologies. The role of AMCase in allergic disease is only at beginning and many issues open new possibilities for its control using specific inhibitors of AMCase activity or modulating its expression. In patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and with season allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) the level of AMCase activity in the tears was found significantly elevated when compare to healthy controls and the highest levels were found in VKC. When RNA was extracted by conjunctival epithelial cells of these patients, the Real Time PCR measurement confirmed that the mRNA expression correlates with tear AMCase activity and the expression was significantly higher in VKC and SAC respectively. Also Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of AMCase measurement were 100% respectively, addressing the use of AMCase assay in the biochemical diagnosis of VKC and SAC. Recent studies in rabbit, where a reactive uveitis was induced by LPS injection in eye’s anterior chamber, confirmed that increased AMCAse activity was measurable in tears and that epithelial cells of conjunctiva express specific mRNA. A well as it was previously demonstrated in experimental model of mouse asthma, the inflammatory reaction induced by LPS was controlled by the chitinase inhibitor and steroid, instilled at 3 hr interval in conjunctival sacs. In dry eye, another pathologies where the role of innate immunity is sustained by AMCase secretion, an increased AMCase activity was documented and the specific mRNA expressed by epithelial conjunctival cells. In this pathology the eye inflammation can be ascribed to a common mechanism mediated by AMCase, via a Th 2 specific, IL-13 dependent way. In synthesis AMCase may be considered an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation eye’s diseases, suggesting its potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility.
| Published in | Clinical Medicine Research (Volume 4, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12 |
| Page(s) | 172-181 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
AMCase, Tears, Allergy, Dry Eye
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APA Style
Salvatore Musumeci. (2015). Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies. Clinical Medicine Research, 4(6), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12
ACS Style
Salvatore Musumeci. Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies. Clin. Med. Res. 2015, 4(6), 172-181. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12
AMA Style
Salvatore Musumeci. Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies. Clin Med Res. 2015;4(6):172-181. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12
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Download@article{10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12,
author = {Salvatore Musumeci},
title = {Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies},
journal = {Clinical Medicine Research},
volume = {4},
number = {6},
pages = {172-181},
doi = {10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cmr.20150406.12},
abstract = {Chitin is abundant in the structural coatings of fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes, but it is not produced in mammals. The host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in human epithelial cells of lower airways and conjunctiva via a Th2-specific, IL-13-dependent pathway and seems to be associated to asthma and allergic ocular pathologies. The role of AMCase in allergic disease is only at beginning and many issues open new possibilities for its control using specific inhibitors of AMCase activity or modulating its expression. In patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and with season allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) the level of AMCase activity in the tears was found significantly elevated when compare to healthy controls and the highest levels were found in VKC. When RNA was extracted by conjunctival epithelial cells of these patients, the Real Time PCR measurement confirmed that the mRNA expression correlates with tear AMCase activity and the expression was significantly higher in VKC and SAC respectively. Also Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of AMCase measurement were 100% respectively, addressing the use of AMCase assay in the biochemical diagnosis of VKC and SAC. Recent studies in rabbit, where a reactive uveitis was induced by LPS injection in eye’s anterior chamber, confirmed that increased AMCAse activity was measurable in tears and that epithelial cells of conjunctiva express specific mRNA. A well as it was previously demonstrated in experimental model of mouse asthma, the inflammatory reaction induced by LPS was controlled by the chitinase inhibitor and steroid, instilled at 3 hr interval in conjunctival sacs. In dry eye, another pathologies where the role of innate immunity is sustained by AMCase secretion, an increased AMCase activity was documented and the specific mRNA expressed by epithelial conjunctival cells. In this pathology the eye inflammation can be ascribed to a common mechanism mediated by AMCase, via a Th 2 specific, IL-13 dependent way. In synthesis AMCase may be considered an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation eye’s diseases, suggesting its potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Role of AMCase in the Allergic and Non Allergic Ocular Pathologies AU - Salvatore Musumeci Y1 - 2015/10/14 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12 DO - 10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12 T2 - Clinical Medicine Research JF - Clinical Medicine Research JO - Clinical Medicine Research SP - 172 EP - 181 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2326-9057 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20150406.12 AB - Chitin is abundant in the structural coatings of fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes, but it is not produced in mammals. The host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. An acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in human epithelial cells of lower airways and conjunctiva via a Th2-specific, IL-13-dependent pathway and seems to be associated to asthma and allergic ocular pathologies. The role of AMCase in allergic disease is only at beginning and many issues open new possibilities for its control using specific inhibitors of AMCase activity or modulating its expression. In patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and with season allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) the level of AMCase activity in the tears was found significantly elevated when compare to healthy controls and the highest levels were found in VKC. When RNA was extracted by conjunctival epithelial cells of these patients, the Real Time PCR measurement confirmed that the mRNA expression correlates with tear AMCase activity and the expression was significantly higher in VKC and SAC respectively. Also Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of AMCase measurement were 100% respectively, addressing the use of AMCase assay in the biochemical diagnosis of VKC and SAC. Recent studies in rabbit, where a reactive uveitis was induced by LPS injection in eye’s anterior chamber, confirmed that increased AMCAse activity was measurable in tears and that epithelial cells of conjunctiva express specific mRNA. A well as it was previously demonstrated in experimental model of mouse asthma, the inflammatory reaction induced by LPS was controlled by the chitinase inhibitor and steroid, instilled at 3 hr interval in conjunctival sacs. In dry eye, another pathologies where the role of innate immunity is sustained by AMCase secretion, an increased AMCase activity was documented and the specific mRNA expressed by epithelial conjunctival cells. In this pathology the eye inflammation can be ascribed to a common mechanism mediated by AMCase, via a Th 2 specific, IL-13 dependent way. In synthesis AMCase may be considered an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammation eye’s diseases, suggesting its potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility. VL - 4 IS - 6 ER -
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