The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Farzam Saeednia; Shapour Khorshidi; Mohssen Masoumi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Farzam Saeednia, Shapour Khorshidi, Mohssen Masoumi

Published in Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2-1)

Received: 5 November 2014 Accepted: 7 November 2014 Published: 29 November 2014

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Abstract

The propagation characteristics of Electro Magnetic (EM) waves in the soil and also the significant differences between the propagation in the air prevent us from obtaining one direct feature for Wireless Underground Channel. In fact, the underground environment consists of soil, rock and water instead of the air. The challenging reasons of these environments to propagate the wireless signal via the Electro Magnetic (EM) 1 waveguides are considered as: the high path loss, channel dynamic conditions and the high size of antenna. In this study, the details of Bit Error Rate (BER)2 for 2PSK modulations, path loss and the bandwidth of the Magnetic Induction (MI) 3Systems in the underground environment via one small induction coil were evaluated .At the end of this study, a general framework is obtained about the wireless underground communications and wireless underground sensor network. It is concluded that using the proposed framework, the transmission range in MI waves system would be raised and the path loss in that system would be declined severely.

Published in	Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2-1) This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Practices in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in Developing Countries
DOI	10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Channel Modulation, Electro Magnetic, Magnetic Induction

References

[1]	I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: A survey,” Comput. Netw. J., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393–422, March 2002.
[2]	I. F. Akyildiz and E. P. Stuntebeck, “Wireless underground sensor networks: Research challenges,” Ad Hoc Networks (Elsevier), vol. 4, pp. 669–686, Jul. 2006.
[3]	L. Li, M. C. Vuran, and I. F. Akyildiz, “Characteristics of underground channel for wireless underground sensor networks,” presented at the Med-Hoc-Net’07, Corfu, Greece, Jun. 2007.
[4]	N. Jack and K. Shenai, “Magnetic induction IC for wireless communication in RF-impenetrable media,” presented at the IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices (WMED 2007), Apr. 2007.
[5]	A. R. Silva and M. C. Vuran, “Development of a testbed for wireless underground sensor networks,” EURASIP J. Wireless Commun.Netw. (JWCN) [Online]. Available: http://cse.unl.edu/~mcvuran/ugTestbed.pdf
[6]	Standard Specification for Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross- Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used as Electrical Conductors, ASTM Standard B 258-02, ASTM International, 2002.
[7]	D. R. Frankl, Electromagnetic Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1986.
[8]	W. M. Telford, L. P. Geldart, and R. E. Sheriff, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990.
[9]	J. D. Kraus and D. A. Fleisch, Electromagnetics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999.
[10]	L. A. Charles and W. A. Kenneth, Electronic Engineering, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1973.
[11]	“YellowJacket Wireless Spectrum Analyzer,” Berkeley Varionics Systems, Inc. [Online]. Available: www.bvsystems.com
[12]	Zhi Sun, Student Member, IEEE, and Ian F. Akyildiz, Fellow.“ Magnetic Induction Communications for Wireless Underground Sensor Networks,” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 58, NO. 7, JULY 2010

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APA Style

Farzam Saeednia, Shapour Khorshidi, Mohssen Masoumi. (2014). The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3(2-1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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ACS Style

Farzam Saeednia; Shapour Khorshidi; Mohssen Masoumi. The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2014, 3(2-1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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AMA Style

Farzam Saeednia, Shapour Khorshidi, Mohssen Masoumi. The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. J Electr Electron Eng. 2014;3(2-1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11,
  author = {Farzam Saeednia and Shapour Khorshidi and Mohssen Masoumi},
  title = {The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks},
  journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2-1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  abstract = {The propagation characteristics of Electro Magnetic (EM) waves in the soil and also the significant differences between the propagation in the air prevent us from obtaining one direct feature for Wireless Underground Channel. In fact, the underground environment consists of soil, rock and water instead of the air. The challenging reasons of these environments to propagate the wireless signal via the Electro Magnetic (EM) 1 waveguides are considered as: the high path loss, channel dynamic conditions and the high size of antenna. In this study, the details of Bit Error Rate (BER)2 for 2PSK modulations, path loss and the bandwidth of the Magnetic Induction (MI) 3Systems in the underground environment via one small induction coil were evaluated .At the end of this study, a general framework is obtained about the wireless underground communications and wireless underground sensor network. It is concluded that using the proposed framework, the transmission range in MI waves system would be raised and the path loss in that system would be declined severely.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
AU  - Farzam Saeednia
AU  - Shapour Khorshidi
AU  - Mohssen Masoumi
Y1  - 2014/11/29
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
T2  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
JF  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
JO  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1605
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
AB  - The propagation characteristics of Electro Magnetic (EM) waves in the soil and also the significant differences between the propagation in the air prevent us from obtaining one direct feature for Wireless Underground Channel. In fact, the underground environment consists of soil, rock and water instead of the air. The challenging reasons of these environments to propagate the wireless signal via the Electro Magnetic (EM) 1 waveguides are considered as: the high path loss, channel dynamic conditions and the high size of antenna. In this study, the details of Bit Error Rate (BER)2 for 2PSK modulations, path loss and the bandwidth of the Magnetic Induction (MI) 3Systems in the underground environment via one small induction coil were evaluated .At the end of this study, a general framework is obtained about the wireless underground communications and wireless underground sensor network. It is concluded that using the proposed framework, the transmission range in MI waves system would be raised and the path loss in that system would be declined severely.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2-1
ER  -

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Author Information

Farzam Saeednia

Department of Electrical Engineering, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
Shapour Khorshidi

Air-Sea Science and Technology Academic Complex, Shiraz, Iran
Mohssen Masoumi

Department of Electrical Engineering, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Farzam Saeednia, Shapour Khorshidi, Mohssen Masoumi. (2014). The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3(2-1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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ACS Style

Farzam Saeednia; Shapour Khorshidi; Mohssen Masoumi. The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2014, 3(2-1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

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AMA Style

Farzam Saeednia, Shapour Khorshidi, Mohssen Masoumi. The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks. J Electr Electron Eng. 2014;3(2-1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11,
  author = {Farzam Saeednia and Shapour Khorshidi and Mohssen Masoumi},
  title = {The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks},
  journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2-1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.s.2015030201.11},
  abstract = {The propagation characteristics of Electro Magnetic (EM) waves in the soil and also the significant differences between the propagation in the air prevent us from obtaining one direct feature for Wireless Underground Channel. In fact, the underground environment consists of soil, rock and water instead of the air. The challenging reasons of these environments to propagate the wireless signal via the Electro Magnetic (EM) 1 waveguides are considered as: the high path loss, channel dynamic conditions and the high size of antenna. In this study, the details of Bit Error Rate (BER)2 for 2PSK modulations, path loss and the bandwidth of the Magnetic Induction (MI) 3Systems in the underground environment via one small induction coil were evaluated .At the end of this study, a general framework is obtained about the wireless underground communications and wireless underground sensor network. It is concluded that using the proposed framework, the transmission range in MI waves system would be raised and the path loss in that system would be declined severely.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Feature of Underground Channel for the Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
AU  - Farzam Saeednia
AU  - Shapour Khorshidi
AU  - Mohssen Masoumi
Y1  - 2014/11/29
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
T2  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
JF  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
JO  - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1605
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.s.2015030201.11
AB  - The propagation characteristics of Electro Magnetic (EM) waves in the soil and also the significant differences between the propagation in the air prevent us from obtaining one direct feature for Wireless Underground Channel. In fact, the underground environment consists of soil, rock and water instead of the air. The challenging reasons of these environments to propagate the wireless signal via the Electro Magnetic (EM) 1 waveguides are considered as: the high path loss, channel dynamic conditions and the high size of antenna. In this study, the details of Bit Error Rate (BER)2 for 2PSK modulations, path loss and the bandwidth of the Magnetic Induction (MI) 3Systems in the underground environment via one small induction coil were evaluated .At the end of this study, a general framework is obtained about the wireless underground communications and wireless underground sensor network. It is concluded that using the proposed framework, the transmission range in MI waves system would be raised and the path loss in that system would be declined severely.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2-1
ER  -

Copy | Download