With a view to validating the existence of the phenomenon of phase formation via a liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited, experiments were carried out to reveal electrodeposited metal's structural features typical of metals produced by solidification at ultra-high rates under high supercooling, and to establish consistent changes in metal structural characteristics with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition. Following experimental facts in favour of the existence of the phenomenon in point were found: (1) occurrence of spherulites and pentagonal quasicrystals in electrodeposit layers adjoining the cathode, the occurrence being typical of metals produced by ultra-rapid solidification of a highly supercooled liquid metal phase; (2) emergence of the electrodeposited metals solely in a spherulitic form when transition of spherulitic growth to drusy growth with increasing deposit thickness was prevented; and (3) regular change in characteristics of point, linear and planar defects in the crystalline lattice with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition of metals.
| Published in |
Advances in Materials (Volume 4, Issue 3-1)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrodeposited Materials: Phase Formation, Structure and Properties |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15 |
| Page(s) | 33-40 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Structure, Phase Formation, Electrodeposited Metal, Spherulite, Quasicrystal, Crystalline Defect
| [1] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 1. Experimental detection and theoretical grounding,” in Materials Development and Processing, vol. 8, J. V. Wood, L. Schultz, and D. M. Herlach, Eds. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2000, pp. 183–188. doi: 10.1002/3527607277.ch30 |
| [2] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of precipitation of metal being electrodeposited, occurring via formation of an undercooled liquid metal phase and its subsequent solidification. Part 2. Experimental verification,” in Materials Development and Processing, vol. 8, J. V. Wood, L. Schultz, and D. M. Herlach, Eds. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH, 2000, pp. 189–194. doi: 10.1002/3527607277.ch31 |
| [3] | O. B. Girin, “Phenomenon of structure formation of metals being electrodeposited via a super-cooled metal liquid, and its use for the development of advanced technologies of depositing new types of protective composite coats on canned food steel sheet,” in Proc. of the 5th Int. Sci. Forum AFES. Paris: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2004, pp. 142–147. |
| [4] | O. B. Girin, “Structure formation of metals being electrodeposited through a metal liquid as a tool for surface quality upgrading of canned food steel sheet,” in Proc. of the 6th Int. Sci. Forum AFES. Hong Kong: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2005, pp. 101–103. |
| [5] | O. B. Girin, “Phase transformations in the metallic materials being electrodeposited,” in Proc. of the 7th Int. Sci. Forum AFES “DAVOS FORUM”. Davos: Int. Acad. of Engn, 2006, pp. 76–81. |
| [6] | O. B. Girin, “Phase transformations in the metallic materials being electrodeposited and their application for the development of advanced technologies for anticorrosive protection of canned-food steel sheet,” Mater. Sci. Forum., vol. 561-565, pp. 2369–2372, 2007. |
| [7] | O. B. Girin, “Phase and structure formation of metallic materials electrodeposited via a liquid state stage: new experimental proof,” Defect Diffus. Forum, vol. 303-304, pp. 99–105, 2010. |
| [8] | O. B. Girin, “Change of density and surface morphology of metals being electrodeposited under the action of a centrifugal force,” The Adv. Sci. J., issue 3, pp. 11–16, 2011. |
| [9] | O. B. Girin, “Formation of the deposits of metals being electrodeposited under the influence of a centrifugal force,” The Adv. Sci. J., issue 4, pp. 51–58, 2011. |
| [10] | O. B. Girin, “Phase formation through a stage of liquid state in metallic materials being electrodeposited: recent experimental proofs,” Int. J. Mater. Sci., vol. 2 (4), pp. 108–118, 2012. |
| [11] | O. B. Girin, “Crystallographic texture formation in metals being electrodeposited at the external force influence,” Amer. J. Mater. Sci., vol. 4 (3), pp. 150–158, 2014. doi: 10.5923/j.materials.20140403.06 |
| [12] | O. B. Girin, “Structure features of metals obtained by electrochemical deposition and by solidification from liquid state in saturated hydrogen environment,” Chem. Mater. Eng., vol. 2 (5), pp. 119–126, 2014. doi: 10.13189/cme.2014.020503 |
| [13] | I. S. Miroshnichenko, Quenching from Liquid State. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1982, 168 p. (In Russian). |
| [14] | A. M. Glezer and I. E. Permyakova, Melt-Quenched Nanocrystals. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013, 369 p. |
| [15] | G. L. F. Powel and L. M. Hogan, “The undercooling of copper and copper-oxygen alloys,” Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME, vol. 242 (10), pp. 2133–2138, 1968. |
| [16] | C. Caesar, “Undercooling and crystal growth velocity during rapid solidification,” Adv. Eng. Mater., vol. 1 (1), pp. 75–79, 1999. |
| [17] | V. O. Yesin, V. A. Sazonova, and I. A. Zablotskaia, “Spherulite form of crystallization in metals,” IZV AN SSSR MET, issue 2, pp. 73–77, 1989 (In Russian). |
| [18] | L. Granasy, T. Pusztai, G. Tegze, J. A. Warren, and J. F. Douglas, “Growth and form of spherulites,” Phys. Rev. E, vol. 72 (1), 011605, 2005. |
| [19] | J.-P. Andreassen, E. M. Flaten, R. Beck, and A. E. Lewis, “Investigations of spherulitic growth in industrial crystallization,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 88, pp. 1163–1168, 2010. |
| [20] | D. Shechtman, I. Blech, D. Gratias, and J. W. Cahn, “Metallic phase with long-range orientational order and no translational symmetry,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 53 (20), pp. 1951–1954, 1984. |
| [21] | A. P. Tsai, “Icosahedral clusters, icosaheral order and stability of quasicrystals – a view of metallurgy,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., vol. 9, pp. 1–20, 2008. |
| [22] | Yu. Kh. Vekilov and M. A. Chernikov, “Quasicrystals,” Physics-Uspekhi, vol. 53 (6), pp. 537–560, 2010. |
| [23] | O. B. Girin and V. I. Ovcharenko, “Formation of spherulites and pentagonal quasicrystals in metals being electrodeposited,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, issue 2/11, pp. 30–34, 2014 (In Russian). |
| [24] | Ye. A. Mamontov, L. A. Kurbatova, and A. P. Volenko, “Formation of spherulites during electrocrystallization of copper on indifferent substrates,” Electrochemistry, vol. 19 (11), pp. 1546–1549, 1983 (In Russian). |
| [25] | Ye. A. Mamontov, L. A. Kurbatova, and A. P. Volenko, “Spherulites as form of growth of electrolytic deposits,” Electrochemistry, vol. 21 (9), pp. 1211–1214, 1985 (In Russian). |
| [26] | Ye. A. Mamontov and L. A. Kurbatova, “Formation of pentagonal crystals in electrolytic deposits of copper and disclinations,” Electrochemistry, vol. 28 (5), pp. 746–753, 1992 (In Russian). |
| [27] | A. A. Vikarchuk, “Classification of structures being formed during electrocrystallization of metals with face-centered cubic lattice,” Electrochemistry, vol. 28 (7), pp. 974–982, 1992 (In Russian). |
| [28] | A. A. Vikarchuk and A. P. Volenko, “Pentagonal copper crystals: various growth shapes and specific features of their internal structure,” Phys. Solid State, vol. 47 (2), pp. 352–356, 2005. |
| [29] | Ye. A. Mamontov, “About the possibilities of disclination analysis of structure of electrodeposited metals,” Electrochemistry, vol. 30 (2), pp. 170–173, 1994 (In Russian). |
| [30] | A. A. Vikarchuk, A. P. Volenko, and V. I. Skidanenko, “Model of the initial stage of electrocrystallization of copper on indifferent substrates,” Izv. Russ. Akad. Nauk. Fiz., vol. 68 (10), pp. 1384–1390, 2004 (In Russian). |
| [31] | A. A. Vikarchuk and I. S. Yasnikov, “Specific features of mass and heat transfer in microparticles and nanoparticles formed upon electrocrystallization of copper,” Phys. Solid State, vol. 48 (3), pp. 577–580, 2006. |
| [32] | A. A. Vikarchuk and I. S. Yasnikov, “Phase Transitions in Small Particles Formed at the Initial Stages of Electrocrystallization of Metals,” Phys. Solid State, vol. 49 (1), pp. 1–5, 2007. |
| [33] | A. A. Vikarchuk, Yu. D. Gamburg, and I. S. Yasnikov, “Temperature evolution for small particles formed during electrocrystallization,” Russ. J. Electrochem., vol. 44 (7), pp. 857–860, 2008. |
| [34] | A. A. Vikarchuk, A. P. Volenko, Yu. D. Gamburg, and V. I. Skidanenko, “Initial stage in three-dimensional nucleation of pentagonal crystals,” Russ. J. Electrochem., vol. 41 (9), pp. 996–1000, 2005. |
| [35] | N. I. Krasnova and T. G. Petrov, Genesis of Mineral Individuals and Agregates. St. Petersburg: Nevsky Courier, 1995, 228 p. (In Russian). |
| [36] | T. Pusztai, G. Bortel, and L. Granasy, “Phase field theory of polycrystalline solidification in three dimensions,” Europhys. Lett., vol. 71 (1), pp. 131–137, 2005. |
| [37] | L. Granasy, L. Ratkai, A. Szallas, B. Korbuly, G. I. Toth, L. Kornyei, and T. Pusztai, “Phase-field modeling of polycrystalline solidification: from needle crystals to spherulites – a review,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 45 (4), pp. 1694–1719, 2014. |
| [38] | O. B. Girin and Ie. V. Kolesnyk, “Formation of metal being electrodeposited solely in spherulitic form,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, issue 6/11, pp. 26–29, 2014 (In Russian). |
| [39] | H.-J. Hunger, Selected Research Techniques in Physical Metallurgy. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1985, 490 p. (In Russian). |
| [40] | O. B. Girin and I. M. Kovenskiy, “Features of formation of the defects of crystalline structure of metals being electrodeposited,” Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, issue 2/5, pp. 44–47, 2012 (In Russian). |
| [41] | O. B. Girin, V. P. Khlyntsev, and G. M. Vorob’ev, “Investigation into substructure of chromium electrodeposits,” Izv. AN SSSR Met., issue 4, pp. 169–171, 1988 (In Russian). |
| [42] | O. B. Girin and V. P. Khlyntsev, “An unusual contrast in electron micrographs of electrodeposited chromium layers,” Electrochemistry, vol. 22 (9), pp. 1249–1250, 1986 (In Russian). |
| [43] | O. B. Girin and V. P. Khlyntsev, “Nonhomogeneity of intragranular structure in nickel electrodeposits,” Izv. AN SSSR Met., issue 6, pp. 150–152, 1990 (In Russian). |
| [44] | O. B. Girin, “Substructure formation and texture in electrodeposits,” J. Electron. Mater., vol. 24 (8), pp. 947–953, 1995. |
| [45] | O. B. Girin, Yu. O. Proshenko, and E. P. Kalinushkin, “Texture of electrodeposited copper coatings as related to their substructure, granular structure and surface morphology,” Texture Microstruct., vol. 34 (2-3), pp. 171–179, 2000. |
APA Style
Oleg B. Girin. (2015). Structural Features of Electrodeposited Metals as a Result of Ultra-Rapid Solidification of a Highly Supercooled Liquid Metal Phase. Advances in Materials, 4(3-1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15
ACS Style
Oleg B. Girin. Structural Features of Electrodeposited Metals as a Result of Ultra-Rapid Solidification of a Highly Supercooled Liquid Metal Phase. Adv. Mater. 2015, 4(3-1), 33-40. doi: 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15
AMA Style
Oleg B. Girin. Structural Features of Electrodeposited Metals as a Result of Ultra-Rapid Solidification of a Highly Supercooled Liquid Metal Phase. Adv Mater. 2015;4(3-1):33-40. doi: 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15,
author = {Oleg B. Girin},
title = {Structural Features of Electrodeposited Metals as a Result of Ultra-Rapid Solidification of a Highly Supercooled Liquid Metal Phase},
journal = {Advances in Materials},
volume = {4},
number = {3-1},
pages = {33-40},
doi = {10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.s.2015040301.15},
abstract = {With a view to validating the existence of the phenomenon of phase formation via a liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited, experiments were carried out to reveal electrodeposited metal's structural features typical of metals produced by solidification at ultra-high rates under high supercooling, and to establish consistent changes in metal structural characteristics with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition. Following experimental facts in favour of the existence of the phenomenon in point were found: (1) occurrence of spherulites and pentagonal quasicrystals in electrodeposit layers adjoining the cathode, the occurrence being typical of metals produced by ultra-rapid solidification of a highly supercooled liquid metal phase; (2) emergence of the electrodeposited metals solely in a spherulitic form when transition of spherulitic growth to drusy growth with increasing deposit thickness was prevented; and (3) regular change in characteristics of point, linear and planar defects in the crystalline lattice with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition of metals.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Structural Features of Electrodeposited Metals as a Result of Ultra-Rapid Solidification of a Highly Supercooled Liquid Metal Phase AU - Oleg B. Girin Y1 - 2015/06/18 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15 DO - 10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15 T2 - Advances in Materials JF - Advances in Materials JO - Advances in Materials SP - 33 EP - 40 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-252X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.s.2015040301.15 AB - With a view to validating the existence of the phenomenon of phase formation via a liquid state stage in metals being electrodeposited, experiments were carried out to reveal electrodeposited metal's structural features typical of metals produced by solidification at ultra-high rates under high supercooling, and to establish consistent changes in metal structural characteristics with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition. Following experimental facts in favour of the existence of the phenomenon in point were found: (1) occurrence of spherulites and pentagonal quasicrystals in electrodeposit layers adjoining the cathode, the occurrence being typical of metals produced by ultra-rapid solidification of a highly supercooled liquid metal phase; (2) emergence of the electrodeposited metals solely in a spherulitic form when transition of spherulitic growth to drusy growth with increasing deposit thickness was prevented; and (3) regular change in characteristics of point, linear and planar defects in the crystalline lattice with increasing degree of supercooling in electrodeposition of metals. VL - 4 IS - 3-1 ER -
Email: