Blends of starch (tapioca) and polypropylene were prepared in various wt/wt concentrations ranging from 100% polypropylene resins to 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 wt% starch to wt% polypropylene blends. Then the rheological and mechanical properties of the resulting blends were determined using Plastometer and Universal Testing Machine respectively. Tensile strength, percentage elongation, flexural modulus, Izod impact, vicat softening temperature and melt flow index tests were carried out according to American standard for testing and materials procedure. The melt flow index was found to decrease linearly with increasing starch concentrations up to 30 wt% starch to wt% plastic, beyond which no flow was observed. The presence of starch in polypropylene was found to have positive effect on some of the mechanical properties like flexural modulus and Izod impact strength, whereas a negative impact was obtained on the tensile strength and percentage elongation. It was observed that higher starch loadings above 30% reduced the mechanical properties while lower starch loadings below 30% improved some mechanical properties. In addition, higher starch loadings above 30% does not favor the melt flow index and the Izod impact strength since there was no flow due to lower vicat softening temperature. Thus, with the aid of controlled incorporation of the starch additive, several properties of the modified polypropylene specimen could be enhanced.
| Published in |
American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 2-1)
This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Sector of the Oil and Gas Industry |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-8 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Polypropylene, Rheology, Polymer Blends, Mechanical Properties, Starch, Compatibilization
| [1] | R. Chandra and R. Renu, Biodegradable Polymers, Elsevier Science Ltd, pp. 1273-1335, 1998. |
| [2] | S.C. Zeeman, S.M. Smith and A.M. Smith; Review of starch breakdown in leaves, New Phytologist 163: 247–261, 2004. |
| [3] | V. Viswanath, Degradation studies of polypropylene fibers and nonwovens with prodegradant additives, North Carolina State University, 2010. |
| [4] | S. Zhang, W. Wang H. Wang, W. Qi L. Yue, Q. Yea, Synthesis and characterisation of starch grafted superabsorbent via 10 MeV electron-beam irradiation, J. Carbohydrate Polymers 101, pp. 798–803, 2014. |
| [5] | J.A. Brydson, Flow Properties of Polymer Melts: J. Wiley, New York, 1981. |
| [6] | Chi-Wen Lin, Journals of Materials Science Letters, 2nd edition, vol. 2, pp 46-48, 1993. |
| [7] | F.N. Cogswell, Polymer Melts Rheology, J. of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition, Volume 20, Issue 3, 2004. |
| [8] | C. L. DeLeo and S. S. Velankar, Morphology and rheology of compatibilized polymer blends: diblock compatibilizers vs crosslinked reactive compatibilizers, J. Rheol. 52, pp. 1385–1404, 2008. |
| [9] | C.L. DeLeo, Reactively Compatibilized Starch-Based Renewable Polymer Blends. Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 2010. |
| [10] | Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology. Starch, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. |
| [11] | F. Rodriguez, Principles of Polymer System, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1983. |
| [12] | A. Rudin, Elements of Polymer Science and Engineering, Academic Press, New York, 1982. |
| [13] | W. Schnabel, Polymer Degradation, Hanser Publisher, 2nd Ed., New York, 1982. |
| [14] | R.B. Seymour and C.E. Carraher, Polymer Chemistry, M. Dekker, New York, 1981. |
| [15] | G. V. Vinogradoo and A. Y. Malkin, Rheology of Polymers, Springer-Verlag, 1980. |
| [16] | V. Gowariher, N.V. Viswanathan and J. Speedhar, Polymer Science, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. |
| [17] | www.epi-global.com: Environmentally degradable plastics based on oxo-biodegradation of conventional polyolefins [homepage on the Internet]. |
| [18] | R. Gachter and H. Muller, Plastics Additives, Hanser Publishers, New York, 1985. |
| [19] | G. Pritchard, Additives are essential, in Plastics Additives, Polymer Science and Technology Series Volume 1, pp 3-10, 1998. |
| [20] | D. Hull, Introduction to composite materials, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 1981. |
| [21] | G.J.L. Griffin, Chemistry and technology of biodegradable polymers, Blackle Academic and Professional (Chapman and Hall), Suffolk U.K, 1994. |
| [22] | S. Mortazavi, I. Ghasemi, and A. Oromiehie, Effect of phase inversion on the physical and mechanical properties of low density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch, Polym. Test. 32, pp. 182–191, 2013. |
| [23] | S. Hamdan, D.M.A. Hashim, M. Ahmad, S. Embong, Compatibility studies of polypropylene (PP) –Sago Starch (SS) blends using DMTA, Journal of polymer research, vol. 7, issue 4, pp. 237-244, 2000. |
| [24] | C. L. Iherika, Experimental study of the effect of starch on the mechanical properties and biodegradation of polypropylene, FUTO, Imo state, Nigeria, 2011. |
| [25] | J.M. Charrier Polymeric Materials and Processing, ‘Plastics, Elastomers and Composites’, Hanser Publishers, Munich, Vienna, New York, 1991. |
| [26] | A. O. Ogah and J. N. Afiukwa, Effect of starch blend on the mechanical properties and biodegradability of polypropylene; Cont. J. of biological science 5 (1), pp. 20-25, 2011. |
| [27] | J.R.A. Pearson and S.M. Richardson, Computational Analysis of Polymer Processing, Elsevier 1983. |
| [28] | X. Ramis, A. Cadenato, J.M. Salla, J.M. Morancho, A. Valle, S. Contat, A. Ribes, Thermal degradation of polypropylene/starch-based materials, , 2004. Polymer degradation and stability , 86 (3), pp. 483-491, 2004. |
| [29] | S.F. Wang and C.H. Azhari, Morphological-Mechanical property relationship of polypropylene/starch blends, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 4, Issue 6, pp. 693-695, 2001. |
| [30] | C.H. Azhari and S.F. Wong Review of the morphology-mechanical property relationship of polypropylene/starch blends, Journal of polymer research, vol. 4, issue 2, pp. 215-223, 2001. |
| [31] | A. Whetan, Injection Moulding Machine Elsevier, Applied Science Publisher, London, 1984. |
| [32] | G. W. Lee, M. Park, J. Kim, J. I. Lee and H. G. Yoon, Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Composites Filled with Hybrid Filler, Composite A: Applied Science & Manufacturing, Vol. 37, No. 5, 2006, pp. 727-734. |
| [33] | M. Iza and M. Bousmina, Nonlinear rheology of immiscible polymer blends: step strain experiments, J. Rheol. 44, p. 1363, 2000. |
| [34] | C. Sailer and U. Handge, Melt viscosity, elasticity, and morphology of reactively compatibilized polyamide 6/styrene-acrylonitrile blends in shear and elongation, Macromolecules, 40, pp. 2019–2028, 2007. |
| [35] | B. Conde-Petit and F. Escher, Complexation induced changes of rheological properties of starch systems at different moisture levels, J. Rheol. 39, p. 1497, 1995. |
| [36] | G. Della Valle, A. Buleon, P. J. Carreau, P.-A. Lavoie, and B. Vergnes, Relationship between structure and viscoelastic behavior of plasticized starch, J. Rheol. 42, p. 507, 1998. |
| [37] | F. J. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, B. A. Ramsay, and B. D. Favis, Rheological and thermal properties of thermoplastic starch with high glycerol content, Carbohydr. Polym. 58, pp. 139–147, 2004. |
| [38] | S. Voronov, V. Tokarev, K. Oduola and Yu. Lastukhin, Polyperoxide surfactants for interface modification and compatibilization of polymer colloidal systems. I. Synthesis and properties of polyperoxide surfactants, J. Applied Polymer Science. 76(8), pp. 1217–1227, 2000. |
APA Style
M. K. Oduola, P. O. Akpeji. (2015). Effect of Starch on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 3(2-1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11
ACS Style
M. K. Oduola; P. O. Akpeji. Effect of Starch on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2015, 3(2-1), 1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11
AMA Style
M. K. Oduola, P. O. Akpeji. Effect of Starch on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene. Am J Chem Eng. 2015;3(2-1):1-8. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11,
author = {M. K. Oduola and P. O. Akpeji},
title = {Effect of Starch on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene},
journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
volume = {3},
number = {2-1},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.s.2015030201.11},
abstract = {Blends of starch (tapioca) and polypropylene were prepared in various wt/wt concentrations ranging from 100% polypropylene resins to 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 wt% starch to wt% polypropylene blends. Then the rheological and mechanical properties of the resulting blends were determined using Plastometer and Universal Testing Machine respectively. Tensile strength, percentage elongation, flexural modulus, Izod impact, vicat softening temperature and melt flow index tests were carried out according to American standard for testing and materials procedure. The melt flow index was found to decrease linearly with increasing starch concentrations up to 30 wt% starch to wt% plastic, beyond which no flow was observed. The presence of starch in polypropylene was found to have positive effect on some of the mechanical properties like flexural modulus and Izod impact strength, whereas a negative impact was obtained on the tensile strength and percentage elongation. It was observed that higher starch loadings above 30% reduced the mechanical properties while lower starch loadings below 30% improved some mechanical properties. In addition, higher starch loadings above 30% does not favor the melt flow index and the Izod impact strength since there was no flow due to lower vicat softening temperature. Thus, with the aid of controlled incorporation of the starch additive, several properties of the modified polypropylene specimen could be enhanced.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Starch on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Polypropylene AU - M. K. Oduola AU - P. O. Akpeji Y1 - 2015/01/14 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11 T2 - American Journal of Chemical Engineering JF - American Journal of Chemical Engineering JO - American Journal of Chemical Engineering SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8613 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.s.2015030201.11 AB - Blends of starch (tapioca) and polypropylene were prepared in various wt/wt concentrations ranging from 100% polypropylene resins to 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50 wt% starch to wt% polypropylene blends. Then the rheological and mechanical properties of the resulting blends were determined using Plastometer and Universal Testing Machine respectively. Tensile strength, percentage elongation, flexural modulus, Izod impact, vicat softening temperature and melt flow index tests were carried out according to American standard for testing and materials procedure. The melt flow index was found to decrease linearly with increasing starch concentrations up to 30 wt% starch to wt% plastic, beyond which no flow was observed. The presence of starch in polypropylene was found to have positive effect on some of the mechanical properties like flexural modulus and Izod impact strength, whereas a negative impact was obtained on the tensile strength and percentage elongation. It was observed that higher starch loadings above 30% reduced the mechanical properties while lower starch loadings below 30% improved some mechanical properties. In addition, higher starch loadings above 30% does not favor the melt flow index and the Izod impact strength since there was no flow due to lower vicat softening temperature. Thus, with the aid of controlled incorporation of the starch additive, several properties of the modified polypropylene specimen could be enhanced. VL - 3 IS - 2-1 ER -
Email: